Power Quality in Renewable Energy Microgrids Applications with Energy Storage Technologies: Issues, Challenges and Mitigations
Nowadays, the electric power distribution system is undergoing a transforma-tion. The new face of the electrical grid of the future is composed of digital tech-nologies, renewable sources and intelligent grids of distributed generation. As we move towards the electrical grid of the future, microgrids and distributed genera-tion systems become more important, since they are able to unify small-scale and flexible generation to clean energy and intelligent controls. The microgrids play an important role in marking electrical grids more robust in the face of disturbances, increasing their resilience. Although the microgrid concept continues in discus-sion in technical circles, it can be defined as an aggregation of electrical elements in low generation voltage, storage and loads (users) which are grouped in a certain bounded geographical area. The issues of a microgrid integrated with energy stor-age technologies has gained increasing interest and popularity worldwide as these technologies provide the reliability and availability that are required for proper operation in the system. Actual studies show that the implementation of energy storage technologies in a microgrid improves transients, capacity, increases instan-taneous power and allows the introduction of renewable energy systems. However, there are still certain unsolved problems in power quality terms. This article clearly describes those problems generated by each storage technology foe microgrids applications. All the ideas in this review contribute significantly to the growing effort towards developing a cost-effective and efficient energy storage technology model with a long-life cycle for sustainable implementation in microgrids.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise in Small Wind Turbines
This paper presents an analysis of sound pressure levels through theoretical modeling and experimental validation in a 1 kW small wind turbine. The models used in the theoretical analysis are BPM (Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini) and BM (Brooks and Marcolini), where wind turbine blades are divided in sections, and each section has its own contribution with respect to the total emitted sound pressure level. The noise propagation study and its experimental validation were accomplished within the requirements of the standard IEC 61400-11 Ed.3 and the standard NOM-081-SEMARNAT-1994. The comparative study of theoretical and experimental results showed that the BPM and BM methods have a maximum error of 5.5% corresponding to the rated wind speed of 10 m/s. However, at low wind speeds, the theoretical models fit well to experimental data, for example, in the range from 5 to 8 m/s. The experimental data showed that the rotor's aerodynamic noise is more evident at low wind speed, because under these conditions, environmental noise is much less than wind turbine noise. Finally, to prevent possible negative effects on people’s health, there is a recommended minimum and suitable distance between small wind turbine installations and buildings.
Modelling and Validation of a Grid-Connected DFIG by Exploiting the Frequency-Domain Harmonic Analysis
Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) represent the most common configuration employed in wind turbines. These systems involve injecting harmonic currents toward an electrical grid from a back-to-back power converter, potentially creating voltage distortions. To assess this phenomenon, a case study of a 3 kW DFIG-based wind turbine connected to the electrical grid is presented for analysis in the harmonic domain. Initially, a DFIG-based load flow analysis for determining the operating conditions is tackled at the fundamental frequency. Then, the modelling of a DFIG under steady-state operating conditions at harmonic frequencies is analyzed discussing its characteristics in the harmonic domain. The high-frequency harmonics in the output voltage of a pulse width modulation-driven inverter feeding the rotor windings of a DFIG and its connection to a three-winding transformer are also analyzed. This investigation produced a complete model of the DFIG connected to the electrical grid. The results demonstrated that although a considerable harmonic contribution up to the 25th order exists, it remains harmless since it is below 5%, according to the Std. IEEE 519.
Proyectos de Investigación en Energía Eólica 2020
Análisis económico de parques eólicos considerando las reglas del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista (MEM) de México
Desarrollar una metodología técnico-económica para analizar la factibilidad de proyectos de parques eólicos interconectados a la red eléctrica tomando en cuenta la nueva regulación del mercado eléctrico nacional.
Diseño y análisis del sistema de protección de descargas atmosféricas para aplicaciones en aerogeneradores y parques eólicos de baja potencia
En años recientes, el uso y desarrollo de la energía eólica a nivel mundial sigue una clara tendencia exponencial. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de riesgo por descargas atmosféricas esto se manifiesta como decenas de miles de nuevas estructuras, cada una con una altura promedio de más de cien metros, localizadas en tierra en lugares planos y elevados, así como en instalaciones en el mar a cielo abierto y expuestas directamente a la caída de rayos. Por lo tanto, dicho lo anterior se puede decir que existe una alta probabilidad que las descargas atmosféricas impacten directamente sobre las turbinas eólicas, lo cual puede resultar en un daño severo al equipo eléctrico dentro del aerogenerador. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de desarrollar métodos de protección por descargas atmosféricas para turbinas eólicas.
